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Academic journal publishing reform
Academic journal publishing reform refers to advocacy for changes in the way academic journals are created and distributed in the age of the Internet and the advent of electronic publishing. Since the rise of the Internet, people have organized campaigns to change the relationships among and between academic authors, their traditional distributors and their readership. Most of the discussion has centered on taking advantage of benefits offered by the Internet's capacity for widespread distribution of reading material.
==History==
Before the advent of the Internet it was difficult for scholars to distribute articles giving their research results. Historically publishers performed services including proofreading, typesetting, copy editing, printing, and worldwide distribution.〔 In modern times all researchers became expected to give the publishers digital copies of their work which needed no further processing.〔 For digital distribution printing was unnecessary, copying was free, and worldwide distribution happens online instantly.〔 In science journal publishing, Internet technology enabled the four major scientific publishers—Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and Informa—to cut their expenditures such that they could consistently generate profits which exceed a third of their revenue.〔
The Internet made it easier for researchers to do work which had previously been done by publishers, and some people began to feel that they did not need to pay for the services of publishers. This perception was a problem for publishers, who stated that their services were still necessary at the rates they asked.〔 Critics began to describe publishers' practices with terms such as "corporate scam" and "racket". Scholars sometimes obtain articles from fellow scholars through unofficial channels, such as posting requests on Twitter using the hashtag "#icanhazpdf" (a play on the I Can Has Cheezburger? meme), to avoid paying publishers' access charges.〔https://labandfield.wordpress.com/2013/10/05/how-icanhazpdf-can-hurt-our-academic-libraries/〕〔http://www.altmetric.com/blog/interactions-the-numbers-behind-icanhazpdf/〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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